Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• Dr. Oliver Schwarz (Stuttgart, Germany) (Figure 1A) was harvested and homogenised as described in [1]. For homogenisation, propolis chunks were mixed, frozen finely ground and subsequently stored at −20 °C (Figure 1B). The pulverizing procedure was based on a method that is used to produce propolis

• extract [21]. To prevent contamination, propolis was only handled wearing gloves cleaned with ethanol (Rotipuran®, ≥99.8%, p.a., Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany). Insects Adult worker bees (Apis mellifera) were collected in gardens in Kiel (Germany) in July 2019 and immediately used for

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• : development; mechanical; microneedles; propolis extract; technology; Introduction In recent decades, microneedle devices have been widely used for non-invasive dermal delivery of various drugs [1][2][3]. Microneedles (MNs) are large enough to penetrate and open small holes only in the stratum corneum and the

• of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a fixed 1:1 ratio, poloxamer 407 (P407), and ethanolic propolis extract (EE) or glycolic propolis extract (GE). Supporting Information Supporting Information features pictures of molds and macroscopic appearance of the MNs, statistical